Senin, 21 November 2011
News
Preliminary reports are indicating that a 5.8 magnitude earthquake occurred in Virginia at 1:51 pm EDT., according to the USGS. Shaking has been reported as far north as New York. Reports of shaking have also been coming in from the New England area. According to the USGS, a magnitude 5.5 Eastern US earthquake can typically be felt as far as 300 miles away. The USGS reported that epicenter of the quake was located in Louisa, Va. just southeast of Charlottesville and northwest of Richmond. From the AP: The US Geological Survey said the earthquake was half a mile deep. Shaking was felt at the White House and all over the East Coast, as far south as Chapel Hill, NC Parts of the Pentagon, White House and Capitol were evacuated. There were no immediate reports of injuries.
Agama Islam
Islam
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
| Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri Islam |
|---|
 |
| Rasul |
Nabi Muhammad SAW . |
| Kitab Suci |
Al-Qur'an . |
| Rukun Islam |
| 1. Syahadat · 2. Salat · 3. Zakat 4. Puasa · 5. Haji |
| Rukun Iman |
| Iman kepada: 1. Allah 2. Malaikat · 3. Kitab Allah ·4. Nabi 5. Hari Akhir · 6. Qada & Qadar |
| Tokoh Islam |
| Muhammad SAW Nabi & Rasul · Sahabat Ahlul Bait |
| Kota Suci |
| Mekkah · & · Madinah |
| Kota suci lainnya |
| Yerusalem · Najaf · Karbala Kufah · Kazimain Mashhad ·Istanbul · Ghadir Khum |
| Hari Raya |
| Idul Fitri · & · Idul Adha |
| Hari besar lainnya |
| Isra dan Mi'raj · Maulid Nabi Asyura |
| Arsitektur |
| Masjid ·Menara ·Mihrab Ka'bah · Arsitektur Islam |
| Jabatan Fungsional |
| Khalifah ·Ulama ·Muadzin Imam·Mullah·Ayatullah · Mufti |
| Hukum Islam |
| Al-Qur'an ·Hadist Sunnah · Fiqih · Fatwa Syariat · Ijtihad |
| Manhaj |
| Salafush Shalih |
| Mazhab |
| 1. Sunni: Hanafi ·Hambali Maliki ·Syafi'i |
| 2. Syi'ah: Dua Belas Imam Ismailiyah·Zaidiyah |
| 3. Lain-lain: Ibadi · Khawarij Murji'ah·Mu'taziliyah |
| Lihat Pula |
| Portal Islam |
| Indeks mengenai Islam |
| |
dengarkan (bantuan·info): "berserah diri kepada Tuhan") adalah agama yang mengimani satu Tuhan, yaitu Allah. Dengan lebih dari satu seperempat miliar orang pengikut di seluruh dunia,[1][2] menjadikan Islam sebagai agama terbesar kedua di dunia setelah agama Kristen.[3] Islam memiliki arti "penyerahan", atau penyerahan diri sepenuhnya kepada Tuhan (Arab: الله, Allāh).[4] Pengikut ajaran Islam dikenal dengan sebutan Muslim yang berarti "seorang yang tunduk kepada Tuhan"[5][6], atau lebih lengkapnya adalah Muslimin bagi laki-laki dan Muslimat bagi perempuan. Islam mengajarkan bahwa Allah menurunkan firman-Nya kepada manusia melalui para nabi dan rasul utusan-Nya, dan meyakini dengan sungguh-sungguh bahwa Muhammad adalah nabi dan rasul terakhir yang diutus ke dunia oleh Allah. Daftar isi |
[sunting] Aspek kebahasaan
Kata triliteral semitik 'S-L-M' menurunkan beberapa istilah terpenting dalam pemahaman mengenai keislaman, yaitu Islam dan Muslim. Kesemuanya berakar dari kata Salam yang berarti kedamaian.[7] Kata Islam lebih spesifik lagi didapat dari bahasa Arab Aslama, yang bermakna "untuk menerima, menyerah atau tunduk" dan dalam pengertian yang lebih jauh kepada Tuhan. [8]Dengan demikian, Islam berarti penerimaan dari dan penyerahan diri kepada Tuhan, dan penganutnya harus menunjukkan ini dengan menyembah-Nya, menuruti perintah-Nya, dan menghindari politheisme. Perkataan ini memberikan beberapa maksud dari al-Qur’an. Dalam beberapa ayat, kualitas Islam sebagai kepercayaan ditegaskan: "Barangsiapa yang Allah menghendaki akan memberikan kepadanya petunjuk, niscaya Dia melapangkan dadanya untuk (memeluk agama) Islam..."[9] Ayat lain menghubungkan Islām dan dīn (lazimnya diterjemahkan sebagai "agama"): "...Pada hari ini telah Ku-sempurnakan untukmu agamamu, dan telah Ku-cukupkan kepadamu nikmat-Ku, dan telah Ku-ridhai Islam itu jadi agama bagimu."[10] Namun masih ada yang lain yang menggambarkan Islam itu sebagai perbuatan kembali kepada Tuhan-lebih dari hanya penyataan pengesahan keimanan.[11]
[sunting] Kepercayaan
Kepercayaan dasar Islam dapat ditemukan pada dua kalimah shahādatāin ("dua kalimat persaksian"), yaitu "asyhadu an-laa ilaaha illallaah, wa asyhadu anna muhammadan rasuulullaah" - yang berarti "Saya bersaksi bahwa tiada Tuhan selain Allah, dan saya bersaksi bahwa Muhammad saw adalah utusan Allah". Esensinya adalah prinsip keesaan Tuhan dan pengakuan terhadap kenabian Muhammad. Adapun bila seseorang meyakini dan kemudian mengucapkan dua kalimat persaksian ini, ia dapat dianggap telah menjadi seorang muslim dalam status sebagai mualaf (orang yang baru masuk Islam dari kepercayaan lamanya).Kaum Muslim percaya bahwa Allah mengutus Muhammad sebagai Nabi terakhir setelah diutusnya Nabi Isa 6 abad sebelumnya. Agama Islam mempercayai bahwa al-Qur'an dan Sunnah (setiap perkataan dan perbuatan Muhammad) sebagai sumber hukum dan peraturan hidup yang fundamental.[12] Mereka tidak menganggap Muhammad sebagai pengasas agama baru, melainkan sebagai penerus dan pembaharu kepercayaan monoteistik yang diturunkan kepada Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, dan nabi oleh Tuhan yang sama. Islam menegaskan bahwa agama Yahudi dan Kristen belakangan setelah kepergian para nabinya telah membelokkan wahyu yang Tuhan berikan kepada nabi-nabi ini dengan mengubah teks dalam kitab suci, memperkenalkan intepretasi palsu, ataupun kedua-duanya.[13]
Umat Islam juga meyakini al-Qur'an yang disampaikan oleh Allah kepada Muhammad. melalui perantara Malaikat Jibril adalah sempurna dan tidak ada keraguan di dalamnya (Al-Baqarah [2]:2). Di dalam al-Qur'an Allah juga telah berjanji akan menjaga keotentikan al-Qur'an hingga akhir zaman.
Adapun sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam al-Qur'an, umat Islam juga diwajibkan untuk beriman dan meyakini kebenaran kitab suci dan firman-Nya yang diturunkan sebelum al-Qur'an (Zabur, Taurat, Injil dan suhuf para nabi-nabi yang lain) melalui nabi dan rasul terdahulu sebelum Muhammad.[14] Umat Islam juga percaya bahwa selain al-Qur'an, seluruh firman Allah terdahulu telah mengalami perubahan oleh manusia. Mengacu pada kalimat di atas, maka umat Islam meyakini bahwa al-Qur'an adalah satu-satunya kitab Allah yang benar-benar asli dan sebagai penyempurna kitab-kitab sebelumnya.
Umat Islam meyakini bahwa agama yang dianut oleh seluruh nabi dan rasul utusan Allah sejak masa Adam adalah satu agama yang sama dengan (tauhid|satu Tuhan yang sama), dengan demikian tentu saja Ibrahim juga menganut ketauhidan secara hanif (murni) yang menjadikannya seorang muslim.[15][16] Pandangan ini meletakkan Islam bersama agama Yahudi dan Kristen dalam rumpun agama yang mempercayai Nabi Ibrahim as. Di dalam al-Qur'an, penganut Yahudi dan Kristen sering direferensikan sebagai Ahli Kitab atau orang-orang yang diberi kitab.
[sunting] Lima Rukun Islam
Islam memberikan banyak amalan keagamaan. Para penganut umumnya digalakkan untuk memegang Lima Rukun Islam, yaitu lima pilar yang menyatukan Muslim sebagai sebuah komunitas.[17] Tambahan dari Lima Rukun, hukum Islam (syariah) telah membangun tradisi perintah yang telah menyentuh pada hampir semua aspek kehidupan dan kemasyarakatan. Tradisi ini meliputi segalanya dari hal praktikal seperti kehalalan, perbankan, jihad dan zakat.[18]
Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Isi dari kelima Rukun Islam itu adalah:
- Mengucap dua kalimah syahadat dan meyakini bahwa tidak ada yang berhak ditaati dan disembah dengan benar kecuali Allah saja dan meyakini bahwa Muhammad adalah hamba dan rasul Allah.
- Mendirikan salat wajib lima kali sehari.
- Berpuasa pada bulan Ramadan.
- Membayar zakat.
- Menunaikan ibadah haji bagi mereka yang mampu.
[sunting] Enam Rukun Iman
Muslim juga mempercayai Rukun Iman yang terdiri atas 6 perkara yaitu:- Iman kepada Allah
- Iman kepada malaikat Allah
- Iman kepada Kitab Allāh (Al-Qur'an, Injil, Taurat, Zabur dan suhuf)
- Iman kepada nabi dan rasul Allah
- Iman kepada hari kiamat
- Iman kepada qada dan qadar
[sunting] Ajaran Islam
Hampir semua Muslim tergolong dalam salah satu dari dua mazhab terbesar, yaitu Sunni (85%) dan Syiah (15%). Permasalahan terjadi akibat perbedaan pandangan tentang siapa yang seharusnya memimpin kaum Muslim sesudah wafatnya Muhammad. Islam adalah agama predominan sepanjang Timur Tengah, juga di sebagian besar Afrika Utara dan Asia. Komunitas besar juga ditemui di Cina, Semenanjung Balkan di Eropa Timur dan Rusia. Terdapat juga sebagian besar komunitas imigran Muslim di bagian lain dunia, seperti Eropa Barat. Sekitar 20% Muslim tinggal di negara-negara Arab,[19] 30% di subbenua India dan 15.6% di Indonesia, negara Muslim terbesar berdasar populasi.[20]Negara dengan mayoritas pemeluk Islam Sunni adalah Indonesia, Arab Saudi, dan Pakistan sedangkan negara dengan mayoritas Islam Syi'ah adalah Iran dan Irak. Doktrin antara Sunni dan Syi'ah berbeda pada masalah imamah (kepemimpinan) dan peletakan Ahlul Bait (keluarga keturunan Muhammad). Namun baik Sunni maupun Syi'ah secara umum berpandangan sama terhadap rukun Islam dan rukun Iman yang merupakan aspek fundamental keimanan dalam Islam walaupun dengan terminologi yang berbeda.
[sunting] Allah
Konsep Islam teologikal fundamental ialah tauhid, yaitu kepercayaan tentang keesaan Tuhan. Istilah Arab untuk Tuhan ialah Allāh; kebanyakan ilmuwan[rujukan?] percaya kata Allah didapat dari penyingkatan dari kata al- (si) dan ʾilāh' (dewa, bentuk maskulin), bermaksud "Tuhan" (al-ilāh'), tetapi yang lain menjejakkan asal usulnya dari bahasa Aram Alāhā.[21] Kata Allah juga adalah kata yang digunakan oleh orang Kristen (Nasrani) dan Yahudi Arab sebagai terjemahan dari ho theos dari Perjanjian Baru dan Septuaginta. Yang pertama dari Lima Rukun Islam, tauhid dituangkan dalam syahadat (pengakuan), yaitu bersaksi:| “ | لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله Tiada Tuhan selain Allah dan Muhammad adalah utusan Allah | ” |
- Katakanlah: "Dia-lah Allah (Tuhan), Yang Maha Esa,
- Allah adalah Tuhan yang bergantung kepada-Nya segala sesuatu,
- Dia tiada beranak dan tiada pula diperanakkan,
- dan tidak ada seorangpun yang setara dengan Dia."
- "(Dia) Pencipta langit dan bumi. Dia menjadikan bagi kamu dari jenis kamu sendiri pasangan-pasangan dan dari jenis binatang ternak pasangan- pasangan (pula), dijadikan-Nya kamu berkembang biak dengan jalan itu. Tidak ada sesuatupun yang serupa dengan Dia, dan Dia-lah yang Maha Mendengar dan Melihat". (Asy-Syu'ara' [42]:11)
- "Sesungguhnya Aku ini adalah Allah, tidak ada Tuhan (yang hak) selain Aku, maka sembahlah Aku dan dirikanlah salat untuk mengingat Aku". (Ta Ha [20]:14)
Mengutip al-Qur'an, An-Nisa' [4]:71:
- "Wahai Ahli Kitab, janganlah kamu melampaui batas dalam agama dan janganlah kamu mengatakan terhadap Allah kecuali yang benar. Sesungguhnya al-Masih, Isa putra Maryam itu adalah utusan Allah dan (yang diciptakan dengan kalimat-Nya) yang disampaikannya kepada Maryam dan (dengan tiupan ) roh dari-Nya. Maka berimanlah kamu kepada Allah dan rasul-rasul-Nya. Dan janganlah kamu mengatakan :"Tuhan itu tiga", berhentilah dari ucapan itu. Itu lebih baik bagi kamu. Sesungguhnya Allah Tuhan yang Maha Esa. Maha suci Allah dari mempunyai anak, segala yang di langit dan di bumi adalah kepunyaan-Nya. Cukuplah Allah sebagai Pemelihara".
[sunting] Al-Qur'an
Umat Islam percaya bahwa Al-Qur'an disampaikan kepada Muhammad melalui malaikat Jibril. Penurunannya sendiri terjadi secara bertahap antara tahun 610 hingga hingga wafatnya beliau 632 M. Walau Al-Qur'an lebih banyak ditransfer melalui hafalan, namun sebagai tambahan banyak pengikut Islam pada masa itu yang menuliskannya pada tulang, batu-batu dan dedaunan.
Umat Islam percaya bahwa Al-Qur'an yang ada saat ini persis sama dengan yang disampaikan kepada Muhammad, kemudian disampaikan lagi kepada pengikutnya, yang kemudian menghapalkan dan menulis isi Al Qur'an tersebut. Secara umum para ulama menyepakati bahwa versi Al-Qur'an yang ada saat ini pertama kali dikompilasi pada masa kekhalifahan Utsman bin Affan (khalifah Islam ke-3) yang berkisar antara 650 hingga 656 M. Utsman bin Affan kemudian mengirimkan duplikat dari versi kompilasi ini ke seluruh penjuru kekuasaan Islam pada masa itu dan memerintahkan agar semua versi selain itu dimusnahkan untuk keseragaman.[22]
Al-Qur'an memiliki 114 surah , dan sejumlah 6.236 ayat (terdapat perbedaan tergantung cara menghitung).[23] Hampir semua Muslim menghafal setidaknya beberapa bagian dari keseluruhan Al-Qur'an, mereka yang menghafal keseluruhan Al-Qur'an dikenal sebagai hafiz (jamak:huffaz). Pencapaian ini bukanlah sesuatu yang jarang, dipercayai bahwa saat ini terdapat jutaan penghapal Al-Qur'an diseluruh dunia. Di Indonesia ada lomba Musabaqah Tilawatil Qur'an yaitu lomba membaca Al-Qur'an dengan tartil atau baik dan benar. Yang membacakan disebut Qari (pria) atau Qariah (wanita).
Muslim juga percaya bahwa Al-Qur'an hanya berbahasa Arab. Hasil terjemahan dari Al-Qur'an ke berbagai bahasa tidak merupakan Al-Qur'an itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu terjemahan hanya memiliki kedudukan sebagai komentar terhadap Al-Qur'an ataupun bentuk usaha untuk mencari makna Al-Qur'an, tetapi bukan Al-Qur'an itu sendiri.
[sunting] Nabi Muhammad S.A.W
Muhammad (570-632 M) adalah nabi terakhir dalam ajaran Islam dimana mengakui kenabiannya merupakan salah satu syarat untuk dapat disebut sebagai seorang muslim (lihat syahadat). Dalam Islam Muhammad tidak diposisikan sebagai seorang pembawa ajaran baru, melainkan merupakan penutup dari rangkaian nabi-nabi yang diturunkan sebelumnya.Terlepas dari tingginya statusnya sebagai seorang Nabi, Muhammad dalam pandangan Islam adalah seorang manusia biasa. Namun setiap perkataan dan perilaku dalam kehidupannya dipercayai merupakan bentuk ideal dari seorang muslim. Oleh karena itu dalam Islam dikenal istilah hadits yakni kumpulan perkataan (sabda), perbuatan, ketetapan maupun persetujuan Muhammad. Hadits adalah teks utama (sumber hukum) kedua Islam setelah Al Qur'an.
[sunting] Sejarah
[sunting] Masa sebelum kedatangan Islam
Jazirah Arab sebelum kedatangan agama Islam merupakan sebuah kawasan perlintasan perdagangan dalam Jalan Sutera yang menghubungkan antara Indo Eropa dengan kawasan Asia di timur. Kebanyakan orang Arab merupakan penyembah berhala dan ada sebagian yang merupakan pengikut agama-agama Kristen dan Yahudi. Mekkah adalah tempat yang suci bagi bangsa Arab ketika itu, karena di sana terdapat berhala-berhala agama mereka, telaga Zamzam, dan yang terpenting adalah Ka'bah. Masyarakat ini disebut pula Jahiliyah atau dalam artian lain bodoh. Bodoh disini bukan dalam intelegensianya namun dalam pemikiran moral. Warga Quraisy terkenal dengan masyarakat yang suka berpuisi. Mereka menjadikan puisi sebagai salah satu hiburan disaat berkumpul di tempat-tempat ramai.[sunting] Masa awal
Muhammad dilahirkan di Mekkah pada tanggal 12 Rabiul Awal Tahun Gajah (571 masehi). Ia dilahirkan ditengah-tengah suku Quraish pada zaman jahiliyah, dalam kehidupan suku-suku padang pasir yang suka berperang dan menyembah berhala. Muhammad dilahirkan dalam keadaan yatim, sebab ayahnya Abdullah wafat ketika ia masih berada di dalam kandungan. Pada saat usianya masih 6 tahun, ibunya Aminah meninggal dunia. Sepeninggalan ibunya, Muhammad dibesarkan oleh kakeknya Abdul Muthalib dan dilanjutkan oleh pamannya yaitu Abu Talib. Muhammad kemudian menikah dengan seorang janda bernama Siti Khadijah dan menjalani kehidupan secara sederhana.
Ketika Muhammad berusia 40 tahun, ia mulai mendapatkan wahyu yang disampaikan Malaikat Jibril, dan sesudahnya selama beberapa waktu mulai mengajarkan ajaran Islam secara tertutup kepada para sahabatnya. Setelah tiga tahun menyebarkan Islam secara sembunyi-sembunyi, ia akhirnya menyampaikan ajaran Islam secara terbuka kepada seluruh penduduk Mekkah, yang mana sebagian menerima dan sebagian lainnya menentangnya.
Pada tahun 622 Masehi, Muhammad dan pengikutnya berpindah ke Madinah. Peristiwa ini disebut Hijrah, peristiwa itu menjadi dasar acuan permulaan perhitungan kalender Islam. Di Madinah, Muhammad dapat menyatukan orang-orang anshar (kaum muslimin dari Madinah) dan muhajirin (kaum muslimin dari Mekkah), sehingga umat Islam semakin menguat. Dalam setiap peperangan yang dilakukan melawan orang-orang kafir, umat Islam selalu mendapatkan kemenangan. Dalam fase awal ini, tak terhindarkan terjadinya perang antara Mekkah dan Madinah.
Keunggulan diplomasi nabi Muhammad pada saat perjanjian Hudaibiyah, menyebabkan umat Islam memasuki fase yang sangat menentukan. Banyak penduduk Mekkah yang sebelumnya menjadi musuh kemudian berbalik memeluk Islam, sehingga ketika penaklukan kota Mekkah oleh umat Islam tidak terjadi pertumpahan darah. Ketika Muhammad wafat, hampir seluruh Jazirah Arab telah memeluk agama Islam.
[sunting] Khalifah Rasyidin
Khalifah Rasyidin atau Khulafaur Rasyidin memilki arti pemimpin yang diberi petunjuk, diawali dengan kepemimpinan Abu Bakar, dan dilanjutkan oleh kepemimpinan Umar bin Khattab, Utsman bin Affan dan Ali bin Abu Thalib. Pada masa ini umat Islam mencapai kestabilan politik dan ekonomi. Abu Bakar memperkuat dasar-dasar kenegaraan umat Islam dan mengatasi pemberontakan beberapa suku-suku Arab yang terjadi setelah meninggalnya Muhammad. Umar bin Khattab, Utsman bin Affan dan Ali bin Abu Thalib berhasil memimpin balatentara dan kaum Muslimin pada umumnya untuk mendakwahkan Islam, terutama ke Syam, Mesir, dan Irak. Dengan takluknya negeri-negeri tersebut, banyak harta rampasan perang dan wilayah kekuasaan yang dapat diraih oleh umat Islam.[sunting] Masa kekhalifahan selanjutnya
Setelah periode Khalifah Rasyidin, kepemimpinan umat Islam berganti dari tangan ke tangan dengan pemimpinnya yang juga disebut "khalifah", atau kadang-kadang disebut "amirul mukminin", "sultan", dan sebagainya. Pada periode ini khalifah tidak lagi ditentukan berdasarkan orang yang terbaik di kalangan umat Islam, melainkan secara turun-temurun dalam satu dinasti (bahasa Arab: bani) sehingga banyak yang menyamakannya dengan kerajaan; misalnya kekhalifahan Bani Umayyah, Bani Abbasiyyah, hingga Bani Utsmaniyyah yang kesemuanya diwariskan berdasarkan keturunan.Besarnya kekuasaan kekhalifahan Islam telah menjadikannya salah satu kekuatan politik yang terkuat dan terbesar di dunia pada saat itu. Timbulnya tempat-tempat pembelajaran ilmu-ilmu agama, filsafat, sains, dan tata bahasa Arab di berbagai wilayah dunia Islam telah mewujudkan satu kontinuitas kebudayaan Islam yang agung. Banyak ahli-ahli ilmu pengetahuan bermunculan dari berbagai negeri-negeri Islam, terutamanya pada zaman keemasan Islam sekitar abad ke-7 sampai abad ke-13 masehi.
Luasnya wilayah penyebaran agama Islam dan terpecahnya kekuasaan kekhalifahan yang sudah dimulai sejak abad ke-8, menyebabkan munculnya berbagai otoritas-otoritas kekuasaan terpisah yang berbentuk "kesultanan"; misalnya Kesultanan Safawi, Kesultanan Turki Seljuk, Kesultanan Mughal, Kesultanan Samudera Pasai dan Kesultanan Malaka, yang telah menjadi kesultanan-kesultanan yang memiliki kekuasaan yang kuat dan terkenal di dunia. Meskipun memiliki kekuasaan terpisah, kesultanan-kesultanan tersebut secara nominal masih menghormati dan menganggap diri mereka bagian dari kekhalifahan Islam.
Pada kurun ke-18 dan ke-19 masehi, banyak kawasan-kawasan Islam jatuh ke tangan penjajah Eropa. Kesultanan Utsmaniyyah (Kerajaan Ottoman) yang secara nominal dianggap sebagai kekhalifahan Islam terakhir, akhirnya tumbang selepas Perang Dunia I. Kerajaan ottoman pada saat itu dipimpin oleh Sultan Muhammad V. Karena dianggap kurang tegas oleh kaum pemuda Turki yang di pimpin oleh mustafa kemal pasha atau kemal attaturk, sistem kerajaan dirombak dan diganti menjadi republik.
[sunting] Demografi
Pertumbuhan Muslim sendiri diyakini mencapai 2,9% per tahun, sementara pertumbuhan penduduk dunia hanya mencapai 2,3%. Besaran ini menjadikan Islam sebagai agama dengan pertumbuhan pemeluk yang tergolong cepat di dunia. [1]. Beberapa pendapat menghubungkan pertumbuhan ini dengan tingginya angka kelahiran di banyak negara Islam (enam dari sepuluh negara di dunia dengan angka kelahiran tertinggi di dunia adalah negara dengan mayoritas Muslim [2]. Namun belum lama ini, sebuah studi demografi telah menyatakan bahwa angka kelahiran negara Muslim menurun hingga ke tingkat negara Barat. [3]
[sunting] Tempat ibadah
Rumah ibadat umat Muslim disebut masjid atau mesjid. Ibadah yang biasa dilakukan di Masjid antara lain salat berjama'ah, ceramah agama, perayaan hari besar, diskusi agama, belajar mengaji (membaca Al-Qur'an) dan lain sebagainya.Senin, 07 November 2011
Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Formed in 1996, the band rose to international fame with their debut album, Hybrid Theory, which was certifiedDiamond by the RIAA in 2005 and multi-platinum in several other countries.[1] Its following studio album, Meteora, continued the band's success, topping the Billboard 200 album chart in 2003, and was followed by extensive touring and charity work around the world.[2] In 2003,MTV2 named Linkin Park the sixth greatest band of the music video era and the third best of the new millennium behind Oasis and Coldplay.[3] Billboard ranked Linkin Park #19 on the Best Artists of the Decade chart.[4]
Having adapted the nu metal and rap metal genres to a radio-friendly yet densely layered style in Hybrid Theory and Meteora,[5][6][7] the band explored other genres in their next studio album, Minutes to Midnight, which was released in 2007.[8][9] The album topped the Billboardcharts and had the third best debut week of any album that year.[10][11] The band has collaborated with several other artists, most notably with rapper Jay-Z in their mashup EPCollision Course, and many others included on Reanimation.[6] The band's most recent work, the concept album A Thousand Suns, was released on September 8, 2010. Linkin Park has sold over 50 million albums worldwide and has won two Grammy Awards.[12][13][14]
Contents[hide] |
History
Early years (1996–1999)
Originally consisting of three high school friends, Linkin Park’s foundation was anchored by Mike Shinoda, Rob Bourdon, and Brad Delson.[15] After graduating from high school, the California natives began to take their musical interests more seriously, recruiting Joe Hahn, Dave "Phoenix" Farrell, and Mark Wakefield to perform in their band, Xero. Though limited in resources, the band began recording and producing songs within Shinoda’s make-shift bedroom studio in 1996.[15][16] Tensions and frustration within the band grew after they failed to land a record deal.[15] The lack of success and stalemate in progress prompted Wakefield, at that time the band's vocalist, to leave the band in search of other projects.[15][16] Farrell also left to tour with Tasty Snax and other bands.[17][18]
After spending a considerable time searching for Wakefield's replacement, Xero recruited Arizona vocalist Chester Bennington. Jeff Blue, the vice president of Zomba Music, had referred him to the band in March 1999.[19] Bennington, formerly of Grey Daze, became a standout among applicants because of his unique singing style. The band changed its name from Xero to Hybrid Theory.[17] The newborn vocal chemistry between Shinoda and Bennington helped revive the band, inciting them to work on new material.[15] The band’s renaissance culminated with a change in name; from Hybrid Theory, the band once again changed its name, this time to Linkin Park, a play on and homage to Santa Monica’s Lincoln Park.[15] However, despite these changes, the band still struggled to sign a record deal. After facing numerous rejections from several major record labels, Linkin Park turned to Jeff Blue for additional help. After failing to catch Warner Bros. Records on three previous reviews, Jeff Blue, now the vice president of Warner Bros. Records, helped the band sign a deal with the company in 1999. The band released its breakthrough album, Hybrid Theory, the following year.[19]
Hybrid Theory (2000–2002)
Main article: Hybrid Theory
Linkin Park released Hybrid Theory on October 24, 2000.[20][21] The album, which represented half a decade’s worth of the band’s work, was edited by Don Gilmore.[15] Hybrid Theory was a massive commercial success; it sold more than 4.8 million copies during its debut year, earning it the status of best-selling album of 2001, while singles such as "Crawling" and "One Step Closer" established themselves as staples among alternative rock radio play lists during the year.[17] Additionally, other singles from the album were featured in films such asDracula 2000, Little Nicky, and Valentine.[17] Hybrid Theory won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance for the song "Crawling" and was nominated for two other Grammy Awards: Best New Artist and Best Rock Album.[22] MTV awarded the band their Best Rock Video and Best Direction awards for "In the End".[15] Through the winning of the Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance, Hybrid Theory’s overall success had catapulted the band into mainstream success.
During this time, Linkin Park received many invitations to perform on many high-profile tours and concerts including Ozzfest, Family Values Tour and KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas.[17][23] The band also formed its own tour, Projekt Revolution, which featured other notable artists such as Cypress Hill, Adema, and Snoop Dogg.[19] Within a year’s stretch, Linkin Park had performed at over 320 concerts.[15] The experiences and performances of the precocious band were documented in its first DVD, Frat Party at the Pankake Festival, which debuted in November 2001. Now reunited with former bassist Phoenix, the band began work on a remix album, dubbed Reanimation, which would include works from Hybrid Theory and non-album tracks also.[17] Reanimation debuted on July 30, 2002, featuring the likes of Black Thought,Jonathan Davis, Aaron Lewis, and many others.[24] Reanimation claimed the second spot on the Billboard 200, and sold nearly 270,000 copies during its debut week.[25] Hybrid Theory is also in the RIAA's Top 100 Albums.[26]
Meteora (2002–2004)
Main article: Meteora (album)
Following the success of Hybrid Theory and Reanimation, Linkin Park spent a significant amount of time touring around the United States. The band members began to work on new material amidst its saturated schedule, spending a sliver of their free time in their tour bus' studio.[27] The band officially announced the production of a new studio album in December 2002, revealing its new work was inspired by the rocky region of Meteora in Greece, where numerous monasteries have been built on top of the rocks.[28] Meteora features a mixture of the band's previous nu metal and rapcore styles with newer innovative effects, including the induction of a shakuhachi (a Japanese flute made of bamboo) and other instruments.[15] Linkin Park's second album debuted on March 25, 2003 and instantly earned worldwide recognition,[15]going to No.1 in the US and UK, and No.2 in Australia.[16]
Meteora sold more than 800,000 copies during its first week, and it ranked as the best selling album on the Billboard charts at the time.[29]The album's singles, including "Somewhere I Belong", "Breaking the Habit", "Faint", and "Numb", received significant radio attention.[30] By October 2003, Meteora sold nearly three million copies.[31] The album's success allowed Linkin Park to form another Projekt Revolution, which featured other bands and artists including, Mudvayne, Blindside, and Xzibit.[15] Additionally, Metallica invited Linkin Park to play at the Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003, which included well-known acts such as Limp Bizkit, Mudvayne and Deftones.[32] The band released an album and DVD, entitled Live in Texas, which consisted of audio and video tracks of some of the band's performances in Texas during the tour.[15] In early 2004, Linkin Park started a world tour titled the Meteora World Tour. Supporting bands on the tour included Hoobastank,P.O.D. and Story of the Year.
Meteora earned the band multiple awards and honors. The band won the MTV awards for Best Rock Video for "Somewhere I Belong" and the Viewer's Choice Award for "Breaking the Habit".[33] Linkin Park also received significant recognition during the 2004 Radio Music Awards, winning the Artist of the Year and Song of the Year ("Numb") awards.[33] Although Meteora was not nearly as successful as Hybrid Theory, it was the third best selling album in the United States during 2003.[17] The band spent the first few months of 2004 touring around the world, first with the third Projekt Revolution tour, and later several European concerts.[17]
Side projects (2004–2006)
Following Meteora's success, the band postponed working on a new studio album for the next few years. Instead, Linkin Park continued to tour and work on many side projects. Bennington appeared on DJ Lethal’s "State of the Art" and other work with Dead by Sunrise, while Shinoda did work with Depeche Mode.[17] In 2004, the band began to work with Jay-Z to produce another remix album, entitled Collision Course. The album, which featured intermixed lyrics and background tracks from both artists' previous albums, debuted in November 2004. Shinoda also formed a new band, Fort Minor, as a side project. With the aid of Jay-Z, Fort Minor released its debut album, The Rising Tied, to critical acclaim.[34][35] At the same time, the band's relationship with Warner Bros. Records was deteriorating rapidly on account of several trust and financial issues.[36] After months of feuding, the band finally negotiated a deal in December 2005.[37]
Linkin Park also participated in numerous charitable events, most notably raised money to benefit victims ofhurricane Charley in 2004 and later hurricane Katrina in 2005.[17] The band donated $75,000 to the Special Operations Warrior Foundation in March 2004.[38] They also helped relief efforts for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamivictims by staging several charity concerts and setting up an additional fund called "Music for Relief".[39] Most notably, however, the band participated at Live 8, a series of charitable benefit concerts set up to raise global awareness.[40] Alongside Jay-Z, the band performed on Live 8's stage in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a global audience.[40] The band would later be reunited with Jay-Z at the Grammy Award Ceremony 2006, during which they performed "Numb/Encore", en route to winning a Grammy for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.[41] They were joined on stage by Paul McCartney who added verses from the song "Yesterday". They would later go on to play at the 2006 Summer Sonic music festival, which was hosted by Metallica in Japan.[42]
Minutes to Midnight (2006–2008)
Main article: Minutes to Midnight (album)
Linkin Park returned to the recording studios in 2006 to work on new material. To produce the album, the band chose producer Rick Rubin. Despite initially stating the album would debut sometime in 2006, the album was delayed until 2007.[8] The band had recorded thirty to fifty songs in August 2006, when Shinoda stated the album was halfway completed.[43]Bennington later added that the new album would stray away from its previous nu metal sound.[44] Warner Bros. Records officially announced that the band’s third studio album, entitled Minutes to Midnight, would be released on May 15, 2007 in the United States.[45]After spending fourteen months working on the album, the band members opted to further refine their album by removing five of the original seventeen tracks. The album’s title, a reference to the Doomsday Clock, foreshadowed the band's new lyrical themes.[46] Minutes to Midnight sold over 625,000 copies in its first week, making it one of the most successful debut week albums in recent years. The album also took the top spot on the Billboard Charts.[11]
The album's first single, "What I've Done", was released on April 2, and premiered on MTV and Fuse within the same week.[47] The single was acclaimed by listeners, becoming the top-ranked song on the Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts.[48] The song is also used in soundtrack for the 2007 action film, Transformers. Mike Shinoda was also featured on the Styles of Beyond song "Second to None" which was also included in the film. Later in the year, the band won the "Favorite Alternative Artist" in the American Music Awards.[49] The band also saw success with the rest of the albums singles, "Bleed It Out", "Shadow of the Day", "Given Up", and "Leave Out All the Rest", which were released throughout 2007 and early 2008. The band also collaborated with Busta Rhymes on his single "We Made It", which was released on April 29.[50]
Linkin Park's touring and live shows have, among other things, included a performance at Live Earth Japan on July 7, 2007.[51] and headliningDownload Festival in Donington Park, England and Edgefest in Downsview Park, Toronto, Canada. The band completed touring on its fourthProjekt Revolution tour before taking up an Arena tour around the United Kingdom, visiting Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester, before finishing on a double night at the O2 arena in London. Bennington stated that Linkin Park plans to release a follow-up album to Minutes to Midnight.[52] However, he stated the band will first embark on a United States tour to gather inspiration for the album.[52] In an interview withRolling Stone, Bennington said that the band had already begun writing new material for the album, and Shinoda too stated that the album could well be released in late 2009. Mike Shinoda also announced a live CD/DVD entitled Road to Revolution: Live at Milton Keynes, which is a live video recording from the Projekt Revolution gig at the Milton Keynes Bowl on June 29, 2008, which was officially released on November 24, 2008.[53]
A Thousand Suns (2008–2011)
Main article: A Thousand Suns
In May 2009, Linkin Park announced they were working on a fourth studio album, which was planned to be released on 2010. Shinoda told IGN that the new album would be 'genre-busting,' while building off of elements in Minutes to Midnight.[54] He also mentioned that the album would be more experimental and "hopefully more cutting-edge."[55] Bennington also addressed the media to confirm that Rick Rubin would return to produce the new album. The band later revealed the album would be called A Thousand Suns.[56]
While working on the new album, Linkin Park worked with successful film composer Hans Zimmer to produce the score for Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen.[57] The band released a single for the movie, entitled "New Divide". Joe Hahn created a music video for the song, which featured clips from the film.[58] On June 22, Linkin Park played a short set in Westwood Villageafter the premier of the movie.[59] After completing work for Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, the band returned to the studio to finalize their album.[60]
On January 19, 2010, Linkin Park released a new song entitled "Not Alone" as part of a compilation from Music for Relief called Download to Donate for Haiti in support of the Haiti Earthquake crisis. On February 10, 2010, Linkin Park released the official music video for the song on their homepage.
On April 26, the band released an app for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, a game called 8-Bit Rebellion! It featured the band as playable characters, and a new song called "Blackbirds" which was unlockable by beating the game. The song was also later released as an iTunesbonus track on A Thousand Suns.
A Thousand Suns was released on September 14. The album’s first single, "The Catalyst", was released on August 2. The band promoted their new album by launching a concert tour, which started in Los Angeles on September 7.[61][62][63] Linkin Park also relied on MySpace to promote their album, releasing two additional songs, "Waiting for the End" and "Blackout" on September 8.[64][65][66][67] Furthermore, a documentary about the album's production, entitled A Thousand Suns: The Full Experience, was available for streaming on the band's MySpace page.[68] On August 31, 2010, it was announced that the band would perform the single live for the first at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.[69] The venue of the debut live performance of the single was Griffith Observatory, an iconic location used in Hollywood movies.[70][71][72] "Waiting for the End" was released as the second single of A Thousand Suns.
Linkin Park reached No.8 in Billboard Social 50, a chart of the most active artists on the world's leading social networking sites.[73] In otherBillboard Year-End charts, the band reached No.92 in the "Top Artists" chart,[74] as well as A Thousand Suns reaching No.53 in the Year-End chart of the Billboard Top 200 albums[75] and No.7 in the 2010 Year-End Rock Albums, and "The Catalyst" reaching No.40 in the Year-End Rock Songs chart.[76]
On January 11, 2011, an updated version of Download to Donate for Haiti was launched, called Download to Donate for Haiti V2.0, with more songs to download. For the updated compilation, the band released Keaton Hashimoto's remix of "The Catalyst" from the "Linkin Park featuring YOU" contest.[77] "Burning in the Skies" was released as the third official single of A Thousand Suns on March 21, 2011.
Shinoda designed two t-shirts, in which the proceeds will go to Music For Relief to help the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disasters.[78][79] Music For Relief released Download to Donate: Tsunami Relief Japan, another compilation of songs, in which the proceeds will go to Save the Children.[80]
On April 13, 2011, Shinoda confirmed that the album's fourth single will be "Iridescent". He also confirmed that there will be a new, slightly shorter version of the song, which will be part of the soundtrack of the upcoming film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, continuing the streak of Linkin Park songs being the theme songs of the Transformers films (after "What I've Done" and "New Divide"), as well as the fact that a music video will be shot for the single.[81] The video was directed by Joe Hahn, who directed the videos for both of the previous songs.
The band were nominated for six Billboard Awards in 2011 for Top Duo/Group, Best Rock Album for A Thousand Suns, Top Rock Artist, Top Alternative Artist, Top Alternative Song for "Waiting for the End" and Top Alternative Album for A Thousand Suns, but did not win any award.[82]
Fifth album (2011–present)
In June 2011, Bennington revealed to Kerrang! that Linkin Park has begun working on new material for their next album. He explained, "We've been working on a new record for the past two months. The music is great and we're well ahead of where we're expecting to be. There aren't a whole lot of noises going on, but there are a lot of good songs. It will probably get a very polarized reaction. Which pleases me. As an artist, I want a reaction." The singer added that the band would be looking to tackle controversial topics on their new album, rather than the more personal subjects of their older material. "We've learned how to write serious songs and serious lyrics. We've learned how to deal with politics, faith and other things. Those are things that can get preachy really quickly, which we don't want to do. So you need to learn to talk to people and not at people", he said.[83]
Rick Rubin will be a producer on the new album. "Typically we'll have a once-a-week meeting to go listen to the songs that they're coming up with and talk about them. For so early in the project, they are much further along than they have been on the last two albums we did. On A Thousand Suns there were still a lot of irons in the fire. We knew, 'OK, we can't do this forever. Let's leave this batch and we'll come back and address it when we start up again'", Rubin said.[84]
In July 2011, Bennington told Rolling Stone that Linkin Park aims to produce a new album every eighteen months, and that he would be shocked if a new album did not come out in 2012. The band continues to record and produce new material even while touring. Bennington commented on Linkin Park's schedule, stating, "Touring for two years is excruciating. When we would tour for two years even the most resilient person in the band, at the end of that, was fucking miserable." [85]
Musical style
Both Hybrid Theory and Meteora combine the alternative metal,[7] nu metal,[17][86][87][88][89] and rap rock[89][90] sound with influences and elements from hip-hop, alternative rock,[91] and electronica, utilizing programming and synthesizers. William Ruhlmann from Allmusicregarded it as "a Johnny-come-lately to an already overdone musical style,"[92] whereas Rolling Stone described their song "Breaking the Habit" as "risky, beautiful art".[93]
In Minutes to Midnight the band experimented with their established sound and drew influences from a wider and more varied range of genres and styles, a process Los Angeles Times compares to a stage in U2's work.[94] In it, only two of the songs feature rapping, and the majority of the album can be considered alternative rock.[95][96] NME magazine's Dan Silver criticized the band's approach, calling it the "sound of a band trying and failing to forge a new identity", and referring to the song "Hands Held High", a song about terrorist attacks and war, as "far and away the funniest thing you will hear all year".[97]
The vocal interplay between Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda plays as a major part within Linkin Park's music, with Bennington being the lead vocalist and Shinoda as the rapping vocalist. On Linkin Park's third album, Minutes to Midnight, Shinoda sings lead vocals on "In Between", "Hands Held High", and on the B-side "No Roads Left". On numerous songs from band's fourth album, A Thousand Suns, such as the album's four singles, both Shinoda and Bennington sing. On most of the record's tracks, the band notably used electronic drumbeats along with outro drumbeats. The album has been regarded as a turning point in the band's musical career by notable critics. James Montgomery, of MTV compared the record to Radiohead's Kid A,[98] while Jordy Kasko of Review, Rinse, Repeat likened the album to bothKid A and Pink Floyd's landmark album The Dark Side of the Moon.[99] Shinoda stated that he and the other band members were deeply influenced by Chuck D and Public Enemy. He elaborated: "Public Enemy were very three-dimensional with their records because although they seemed political, there was a whole lot of other stuff going on in there too. It made me think how three-dimensional I wanted our record to be without imitating them of course, and show where we were at creatively".[87] One of the record's political elements is its samples of notable speeches by American political figures.[100]
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